Polyarylates

POLYARYLATES: Polyarylates are a family of thermoplastic aromatic polyesters. They are often produced by polycondensation of dicarboxylic acids or their diacid chloride derivatives with phenolic compounds. The dicarboxylic acid is usually terephthalic or isophthalic acids and the phenolic compound is Bisphenol A or a derivate of it.

                                                       OR

Polyarylates are a family of aromatic polyesters. The repeat units consists of ester groups (chemical formula -CO-O-) and aromatic rings. They are produced by polycondensation of a diacid chloride derivative of a dicarboxylic acid with a phenolic compound. The dicarboxylic acid is usually terephthalic or isophthalic acids and the phenol is Bisphenol A or a derivate of it. The bulky aromatic rings and the absence of methylene groups in the polymer backbone greatly stiffen the polymer chain by interfering with the rotation of the repeat units around the ester linkages. The two most common polyarylates are poly(-p-hydroxybenzoate) and polybisphenol-A terephthalate. 

PROPERTIES

1. Excellent dimensional stability

2. Good warp resistance

3. Rigid strong and tough in nature

4. Good resistance to chemicals

5. Good flame retardance

6. High heat resistance

7. Transparent and excellent UV resistance

APPLICATIONS

Automotive

Lenses for automobile lamps, exterior glazing, reflectors, lamp housings, door handles, wind shield wipers and mirror housings

Electrical

Solar energy collector glazing, connectors relays, fuse covers, switches, coil formers/bobbins

Industrial

Automobile seals, rotors for pumps, fire shields, mixing light covers, fire helmets, safety equipment housings.

THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Poly(bisphenol-A-terephthalate)

Poly(bisphenol-A-isophthalate)

Tap & Die

Tap: Taps are used to cut the internal screw threads. Taps are made of hardened High CarbonSteel or High Speed Steel. The ends of the shank are square to fit a wrench (figure). Usually tapsare provided in set of three -- taper, second and plug tap.

1. Taper Tap: The tap is tapered off for a length of 8 to 10 threads and is the first tap tobe used in a hole to start the thread form.

2. Second Tap: The tap is tapered off for a length of 4 to 5 threads to facilitate picking upthe threads cut by the taper tap.

3. Plug Tap: This is fully threaded throughout its length and is called a 'bottoming' tap.This tap used to cut the bottom of a blind hole.

Die: Dies are used for cutting external threads on round bar or tubes. Dies are made of Hardened High Carbon Steel or High Speed Steel.

1. Split Die or Button Die: Split die is held in place in the stock as shown in figure 38. The split permits a small amount ofadjustment in the size of the die by adjusting the screws in the stock. Since split dies cut their threadcomplete in one cut, the die thread are tapered and back off for one third of their length.

2. Die nuts: Die nuts are not capable of any adjustment. They are not usuallyemployed for cutting threads from the bar, but for rectifying damage toexisting threads. They are externally formed to hexagonal shape for use witha spanner.

Liquid Crystal Polymers (LCP)

LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERS (LCP): 

History

Liquid crystal polymers, also known as self-reinforced polymers were first introduced in 1965 (@Kevlar from Du Pont de Nemours). 

This well-known aramid fiber is a lyotropic (in solution form) macro-molecularly ordered polymer.

This was followed in 1972 by Ekkcel 1-2000 from Carborundum which was Thermotropic (melt-processable) in nature

Development work commenced in 1975 by Celanese led in the mid eighties to Vectra  (now a Hoechst product) based on thermotropic polyester.

BASF (Ultrax) and Bayer (KU 1-90 range) have also now commenced production of LCPs. The highly ordered state in solution or in the melt contrasts with the randomly ordered macromolecules of conventional polymers. 

Between the liquid and solid states, LCPs may be in a liquid crystalline intermediate state which is described as mesomorphous. 

                                                            OR

Liquid crystalline polymers are polymers which in the melt state lie between the boundaries of solid substances and liquids. The liquid crystalline structure is called a mesomorphic phase or an anisotropic phase because macroscopically in the melt state the liquid crystalline polymers are fluids.

                                                         OR

Liquid crystallinity in polymers may occur either by dissolving a polymer in a solvent (lyotropic liquid-crystal polymers) or by heating a polymer above its glass or melting transition point (thermotropic liquid-crystal polymers). Liquid-crystal polymers are present in melted/liquid or solid form. In solid form the main example of lyotropic LCPs is the commercial aramid known as kevlar. Chemical structure of this aramid consists of linearly substituted aromatic rings linked by amide groups. In a similar way, several series of thermotropic LCPs have been commercially produced by several companies (e.g., Vectran / Ticona).

Today, LCPs can be melt-processed on conventional equipment at high speeds with excellent replication of mold details. In fact, the high ease of forming of LCPs is an important competitive advantage against other plastics, as it offsets high raw material cost.

LCPs are characterized by two superimposed structural principles: 

1. Main chain polymers in which the rigid molecular units (mesogens) are arranged in the polymer chain.

2. Side chain polymers in which the mesogens are attached as side groups. 

3. Main chain polymers are not suitable for use at high temperatures. 

4. The side chain polymers are distinguished by particularly good electrical and optical properties which are exploited in optical storage or liquid crystal displays (LCD).

5. LCPs are based mainly on polyesters but polyestercarbonates, polyesteramides, polyesterimides & polyazomethines can also be used in their production.

LCP – General Properties:

Besides the properties typical of each type of LCP, they all share the following characteristics:

1. melt-processable

2. ordered structures in the melt

3. highly oriented in the solid state (self-reinforcement)

4. anisotropic property profile

5. wide variation in properties possible by selecting the appropriate LCP type.

LCP properties -1

In addition they exhibit the following properties:

1. medium density

2. high tensile strength 

3. high notched impact strength

4. high tensile modulus of elasticity, up to wide melting range

5. high continuous service temperature 

LCP properties -2

1..good low temperature properties

2. low coefficient of linear expansion

3. orientation easily achieved by injection molding, extrusion and blow molding

4. processable on standard machines

5. low shrinkage

6. low melt viscosity, but high strength and extensibility of melt.

LCP properties -3

1. good electrical properties 

2. high resistance to chemicals

3. flammability UL 94 V-0 (0.8 mm) without flame retardant

4. low moisture absorption

5. high resistance to stress cracking.

A recently introduced amorphous LCP exhibits less variation in properties at high temperatures. The processing range is wider and the material can thus be blow molded and thermoformed.

Processable LCPs cannot be obtained from rigid linear macromolecules alone because they melt only above their decomposition temperature. This difficulty has been overcome by incorporating flexible linkages in the main chain.

Many properties, favorable and unfavourable, can be significantly influenced by the choice of processing conditions and molding design, e.g.:

1. At large wall thicknesses, LCPs lose their peak properties in the longitudinal direction, 

2. shrinkage can become negative in the direction of flow,

3. anisotropy can be reduced by adding fillers,

4. filler content can be very high (> 40% w/w).

AVAILABILITY 

1. Liquid crystal polymers are available as a self-reinforcing, glass, glass/mineral, or mineral carbon fibre filled resin

2. LCP is supplied as pellets in transparent and opaque grey, dark and black colorations.

3. Injection molding grades and extrusion grades for rod, tube, film and for extrusion coating.

4. The physical properties of self-reinforced polymers do not differ significantly from those of filled or reinforced engineering plastics. 

5. The ability to align the orientation tendency in molded or semi-finished material with the direction of the greatest stress to obtain high performance moldings is unmatched

6. The cost/performance ratio is also favorable – low shrinkage, low processing temp.

LCP Processing

LCP Injection Moldings

1. The original point of using LCPs was to exploit the increase in strength which can be achieved by orientation of flow. 

2. The usual flat shaped design of injection moldings leads, however, to a multi-axial stress state which oriented LCP cannot cope with isotropically.

Injection Moldings

1. The unavoidable shear and stretching flow lead to different localised orientations. This behavior can be compensated only to a limited extent by suitable choice of the position and shape of the gate.

2. Instead of stiffness and strength, the main motives nowadays for using LCPs as engineering materials are flowability, flame retardance, dimensional stability at high temperatures, low thermal expansion, resistance to chemicals and rigidity with low wall thickness.

LCP resins have 

1. Low outgassing even at extreme temperatures, a factor that's critical for sensitive electronics and optical applications.

2. When it comes to precision, LCP resins have excellent molding properties,  provide the design freedom for extremely small and intricate parts with cross sections as thin as 0.25 mm.

LCP – Machining & Fabrication

1. LCPs can be machined and joined with conventional tools and machinery.

 2. They can be bonded with the usual adhesives for polyesters 

3. They can be welded with ultrasonics.

4. They can be metallized by spraying or electroplating.

LCP – Machining & Fabrication

1. LCPs can be machined and joined with conventional tools and machinery.

 2. They can be bonded with the usual adhesives for polyesters 

3. They can be welded with ultrasonics.

4. They can be metallized by spraying or electroplating.

LCP - Recycling:

1. Up to 25% w/w scrap can be added to virgin material. 

2. Material which has absorbed moisture must be predried. 

3. Plasticizing cylinders can be purged with PE-HD.

LCP – Typical Applications

Electrical & Electronic: 

1. Substrates for chips and printed circuits, 

2. Coil cores, sockets, encapsulations, Sensors, 

3. switches and other electronic components requiring outstanding performance at elevated temperatures, 

4. Buffer films, couplings and connectors for fiber optics, 

5. Precision high temperature applications such as optical lens components, sensors, LED housings, and motor components

Miniaturized moldings (particularly for use in aggressive environments), 

Under-bonnet components in contact with fuel, 

Numerous components in aircraft cabins, fuel systems, radomes, electrical components. 

1. Drive belt pulleys, packings, bearings, seals, 

2. Accessories for oil drilling, pumps, 

3. Packings for distillation columns and scrubbing towers,

4. Measuring instruments, 

5. Surface mount devices 

6. Dual ovenable cookware 

7. Heat sinks containing graphite fibers 

LCP -Tradenames

1. Ekce1, Ekonol (Carborundum Co., Metallic Div., US) 

2. Granlar (Montedison Inst. Guido, IT) 

3. Novoaccurate (Mitsubishi Chem. Ind., lP)

4. Rodron (U nitika, lP)

5. Ultrax (BASF, DE)

6. Vectra (Hoechst, DE)

7. Victrex (ICI, GB)

8. Xydar (Amoco Performance Products 

Disadvantages:

1. Anisotropic physical properties,

2. Low strength of joints,

3. Low elongation at break  (1.2 to 6.9%).

PROPERTIES

1. Possess superior elevated temperature performance.

2. High mechanical strength upto 300 Deg.C 

3. Very good flame retardant

4. Better electrical properties

5. Good chemical resistance

APPLICATIONS

Appliances: Cook wears used in microwave ovens.

Microwave oven parts like, floor, ceiling parts, stirrer assembly and turn table assemble parts.

Machinery/Equipment: Circuit boards, Semi-conductor handling devices, parts for electric motors.

Pliers, Calipers & Dial Indicator

Side Cutting Pliers: These pliers have flat jaws grooved to hold the work, and are sharpened to cut light wire. Diagonal pliers (or wire cutters or diagonal cutting pliers or diagonal cutters or side cutting pliers) are pliers intended for the cutting of wire (they are generally not used to grab or turn anything). The plane defined by the cutting edges of the jaws intersects the joint rivet at an angle or "on a diagonal", hence the name.

Definition of cutting pliers : pliers that have a cutting blade on the side of the jaws.

Plan Pliers: Pliers are a multi-purpose hand tool with opposing jaws for gripping, bending and cutting. The two cross metal limbs provide tough leverage for multiplying the strength of the user's hand. Pliers are an essential part of every toolbox, as they have multiple uses about the home. While you can usually get by with an all-purpose pliers, there are other varieties of the tool that cater to a specific task. Choosing the right pliers for the right job will improve efficiency and safety.

Pliers are used to grip, position, tighten, loosen, and cut certain metal elements. Learn about five types of pliers:

1. Slip-joint Pliers: Slip joint pliers are pliers whose pivot point or fulcrum can be moved to increase the size range of their jaws. Most slip joint pliers use a mechanism that allows sliding the pivot point into one of several positions when the pliers are fully opened.

2. Water pump Pliers: Water Pump Pliers are commonly used for turning & holding nuts & bolts, gripping irregularly shaped objects, holding pipes etc. They hold all kinds of items with larger diameter too, regardless of whether they are round, square or hexagonal. Pliers have serrated jaws set at 45° from the handles.

3. Linesman's Pliers: Lineman's pliers, Kleins, linesman pliers and combination pliers, or simply pliers are a type of pliers used by linemen, electrical contractors and other tradesmen primarily for gripping, twisting, bending and cutting wire, cable and small metalwork components.

4. Locking Pliers: Locking pliers, sometimes referred to as vise-grips depending on the style of locking mechanism they incorporate, are great tools to keep handy. Typically, locking pliers are used where more torque is needed to pry or remove objects or where added grip is needed for holding objects in place.

5. Needle Nose Pliers: Needle nose pliers, also known as long-nose pliers, is a versatile tool that has long, tapering jaws with a pointed tip. Among their many uses are gripping, bending, and cutting small-gauge wire. They can reach into tight places that are inaccessible to other types of pliers. Some models have a cutting tool at the tip, especially for cutting wires and electrical work. Although they're commonly used to cut and bend small wires and electrical wiring, needle-nose pliers have other uses, as well. They can bend, cut and grip where fingers and other tools are too big or clumsy.

Calipers: Calipers are the very simple tools used together witha steel rule for the measurement or comparison oflinear dimensions. An experienced worker canachieve +/-0.05mm in the measurement. Calipers areclassified into two types

1. Outside Calipers: Outside calipers are used for measuringexternal dimensions such as the length, diameter, oreven the thickness of a solid. 

2. Inside Calipers: Inside calipers (figure 2) are used formeasuring internal dimensions such as the diameterof a hole, or the width of a slot etc.

Puppy Dial Indicator(Lever type): The principle of dial indicator (dial gauge) is that the linearmechanical movement of the stylus is magnified andtransferred to the rotation of pointer as shown in figure. The accuracy of dial indicator can be up to 0.01mm. It isusually used for calibration of machine.

Plunger type Dial indicator: The dial indicator or the Plunger dial gauge is one of the simplest and the most widely used mechanical comparator. First of all the use of plunger dial gauge used to compare work-pieces against a master. The accuracy of dial indicator can be up to 0.01mm.

7 Quality Tools

7 Quality Tools:

An overview of Seven Quality Tools Address purpose and applications Highlight benefits.

Why Do This?

1. The Continuous Chain

2. Improve Quality

3. Decrease Costs

4. Improve Productivity

5. Decrease Price

6. Increase Market

7. Stay in Business

8. Provide Jobs

9. Return on Investment

Six Problem Solving Steps

1. Identify : recognize the symptoms

2. Define : Agree on the problem and set boundaries

3. Investigate : Collect data

4. Analyze : Use quality tools to aid

5. Solve : Develop the solution and implement

6. Confirm : Follow up to ensure that the solution is effective

Seven Quality Tools

1. Cause and Effect Diagrams:

Purpose: Graphical representation of the trail leading to the root cause of a problem.

Benefits:

1. Breaks problems down into bite-size pieces to find root cause

2. Team work

3. Common understanding of factors causing the problem

4. Road map to verify picture of the process

5. Follows brainstorming relationship

2. Flow Charts: A flow chart is a pictorial representation showing all of the steps of a process.

Purpose:

1. Visual illustration of the sequence of operations required to complete a task

2. Schematic drawing of the process to measure or improve. Starting point for process improvement

3. Potential weakness in the process are made visual.

Benefits:

1. Identify process improvements Understand the process

2. Shows duplicated effort and other non-value-added steps Clarify working relationships between Shop floor people

3. Target specific steps in the process for improvement.

4. Show what actually happens at each step in the process

5. Show what happens when non-standard events occur

6. Graphically display processes to identify redundancies and other wasted effort

Toolbox

How is it done?

Write the process

Implement in Shop f loor for easy Process Flow.

Benefits

Simplest of all flowcharts

Used for planning new processes or examining existing one

Keep people focused on the whole process

How is it done?

List major steps

Write them acrossof the chart

List sub-steps under each in order they occur

Run Charts Defined: Run charts are used to analyze processes according to time or order.

An Example of Using a Run Chart

An organizations desire is to have their product arrive to their customers on time, but they have noticed that it doesnt take the same amount of time each day of the week. They decided to monitor the amount of time it takes to deliver their product over the next few weeks.

3. Checksheets: 

Purpose: Tool for collecting and organizing measured or counted data

Data collected can be used as input data for other quality tools.

Benefits: Collect data in a systematic and organized manner

To determine source of problem

To facilitate classification of data (stratification)

4. Histograms:

Purpose: To determine the spread or variation of a set of data points in a graphical form.

How is it done?

Collect data

Determine the range of the data

Calculate the size of the class interval Divide data points into classes.

Benefits:

1. Allows you to understand at a glance the variation that exists in a process

2. The shape of the histogram will show process behavior

3. The shape and size of the dispersion will help ide ntify otherwise hidden sources of variation

4. Used to determine the capability of a process

5. Starting point for the improvement process

5. Pareto Charts:

Purpose: Prioritize problems.

How is it done?

1. Create a preliminary list of problem classifications.

2. Tally the occurrences in each problem classification.

3. Arrange each classification in order from highest to lowest

4. Construct the bar chart.

Benefits:

Pareto analysis helps graphically display results so the significant few problems emerge from the general background. It tells you what to work on first.

6. Control Charts: Control charts are used to determine whether a process will produce a product or service with consistent measurable properties.

Purpose:

The primary purpose of a control chart is to predict expected product outcome.

Benefits:

Predict process out of control and out of specification limits

Distinguish between specific, identifiable causes of variation

Can be used for statistical process control.

What does it look like?

1. Adding the element of time will help clarify your understanding of the causes of variation in the processes.

2. A run chart is a line graph of data points organized in time sequence and centered on the median data value.

7. Scatter Diagrams:

Scatter Diagrams are used to study and identify the possible relationship between the changes observed in two different sets of variables.

How is it done?:

1. Decide which paired factors you want to examine. Both factors must be measurable on some incremental linear scale.

2. Collect 30 to 100 paired data points.

3. Find the highest and lowest value for both variables.

4. Draw the vertical (y) and horizontal (x) axes of a graph.

5. Plot the data

6. Title the diagram

The Concept of Consistency:

Who is the Better Target Shooter

Not just the mean is important, but also the variance

Need to look at the distribution function

The Impact of Variation on Quality: The Xootr Case

Variation is (again) the root cause of all evil.

Gauges

Feeler Gauge: A feeler gauge is a tool used to measure gap widths. Feeler gauges are mostly used in engineering to measure the clearance between two parts. They consist of a number of small lengths of steel of different thicknesses with measurements marked on each piece. They are flexible enough that, even if they are all on the same hinge, several can be stacked together to gauge intermediate values. It is common to have two sets for imperial units (typically measured in thousandths of an inch) and metric (typically measured in hundredths of a millimeter) measurements.

Slip Gauge: Gauge blocks (also known as gage blocks, Johansson gauges, slip gauges, or Jo blocks) are a system for producing precision lengths. The individual gauge block is a metal or ceramic block that has been precision ground and lapped to a specific thickness.

Go No go gauge: A go-no gauge (or go/no-go) refers to an inspection tool used to check a workpiece against its allowed tolerances. Its name is derived from two tests: the check involves the workpiece having to pass one test (go) and fail the other (no-go).

Radius gauge: also known as a fillet gauge is a tool used to measure the radius of an object. Radius gauges require a bright light behind the object to be measured. The gauge is placed against the edge to be checked and any light leakage between the blade and edge indicates a mismatch that requires correction.

Go-No Gauge: (or go/no-go) refers to an inspection tool used to check a workpiece against its allowed tolerances. Its name is derived from two tests: the check involves the workpiece having to pass one test (go) and fail the other (no-go).

File Card, Reamer, Counter bore & Countersink Drill

File Card: When filing the soft metals, the small pieces of metal will tend to clog the teeth. If the file is not cleaned,this small piece of metal will scratch on the surface of the work. We call it pinning. This case isfrequently appeared when applying a new smooth file on the soft metals. The pinning can be removedwith a File Card as shown in figure 23, which is a wire brush mounted on a block of wood. Sweep thefile card along the grooves on the file until the pinning is removed.

Reamer: Functions of reamer are

1. to control the diameter of a hole

2. to improve the internal surface finish

3. to improve the roundness of the hole

Reamer is made of hardened High Carbon Steel or High Speed Steel. It is classified into hand reamer

and machine reamer.

1. Hand Reamer: Hand reamer (figure) has two types of flutesstraight and spiral flutes. The spiral flutes handreamer has a left hand spiral flutes. The purpose ofthe design is to prevent the reamer "screw in" thehole.

2. Machine Reamer: Machine reamer (figure 34) has a straight shank ortaper shank (Morse taper). The taper shank can fitdirectly into the spindle of a machine while thestraight shank is hold by the collet.

3. Expanding Reamer/Adjustable Reamer: The cutting diameter can be slightly varied byadjusting an inner taper against the loss cuttingblades as shown in figure 35. This type is usedprimarily for repetitive work to maintain a consistentsize throughout.

Counter bore: is a cylindrical flat-bottomed hole that enlarges another coaxial hole, or the tool used to create that feature. A counterborehole is typically used when a fastener, such as a socket head cap screw, is required to sit flush with or below the level of a work piece’s surface.

Countersink Drill: is a conical hole cut into a manufactured object, or the cutter used to cut such a hole. A common use is to allow the head of a countersunk bolt or screw, when placed in the hole, to sit flush with or below the surface of the surrounding material.

Pneumatic Tools

Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air. Common types of these air-powered hand tools that are used in industry include buffers, nailing and stapling guns, grinders, drills, jack hammers, chipping hammers, riveting guns, sanders and wrenches.

                                                        OR

A pneumatic tool, air tool, air-powered tool or pneumatic-powered tool is a type of power tool, driven by compressed air supplied by an air compressor. Pneumatic tools can also be driven by compressed carbon dioxide stored in small cylinders allowing for portability. 

1. Pneumatic Micro Die Grinder (3mm & 6mm):

Air Powered Die Grinder is backed by latest technology support that allows us to deliver in these Die Grinders optimum functionality support in defined processes as demanded by the customers. Made available under model EL - 18e, these air powered systems are designed to deliver working speeds of 18000 rpm and are made available in weight of 1.800 kg with air consumption of 20 cfm. Having collet of 6 mm with side air inlet option, we can also customize these in specifications as demanded by the customers.Latest technology based Air Powered Die Grinders.

2. Straight Air Die Grinder Kit (3mm & 6mm):

Mini Air Die Grinder Model DG - 25K with a speed at 25000 rpm helps remove burr from mild steel, stainless steel. This air grinders helps the fabricator get a clean finish and prevents accidents due to sharp metal points. The pneumatic grinder DG - 25K has got inbuilt adjustable flow and the speed can also be reduced using a pressure regulator. Safety glasses should be worn at all times while using a Pneumatic grinder of an Air Die Grinder. Specification of the air die grinders are given below.

3. Pneumatic Micro Angle Die Grinders:

Pneumatic Die Grinders are backed by precision designed and engineered construction standards which make these grinders deliver optimum functionality support as desired by the customers. Made available under model Dgre - 20e, these grinders offer speeds of 20000 rpm and are available in weight of 0.950 kg with air consumption of 10 cfm. Further, these come with collet size of 6 mm/3 mm and feature rear type air inlet support.

Tungsten Carbide Burrs:

Tungsten Carbide burrs can be used on many materials: metals including steel, aluminum and cast iron, all types of wood, acrylics, fibreglass and plastics. When used on soft metals such as gold, platinum and silver, carbide burrs are ideal as they will last a long time with no chipping or breaking.

1. Steel, Carbon Steel & Stainless Steel

2. Cast Iron

3. Aluminium

4. Titanium

5. Cobalt

6. Nickel

7. Gold, Platinum & Silver

8. Ceramics

9. Fibreglass

10. Plastic, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CRP), Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GRP)

11. Brass, Copper & Bronze

12. Zinc

13. Wood

Different cuts of carbide burrs will be best suited to certain materials, see the next point below to find out about the different cuts.

4. Pneumatic Impact Wrench:

Impact wrenches have traditionally been as pneumatic-powered tools, similar to the types used on pit road during auto races. Impact wrenches get their immense torque from a hammering mechanism in the tool that delivers strong concussive blows extremely quickly.

5. Cheap Pneumatic Tools:

6. Pneumatic Nut Runner:

Air-powered nut runners help to provide broad torque coverage for fastening small and large bolts. The 90° angle heads also help to provide access to tight locations.

An impact wrench (also known as an impactor, impact gun, air wrench, air gun, rattle gun, torque gun, windy gun) is a socket wrench power tool designed to deliver high torque output with minimal exertion by the user, by storing energy in a rotating mass, then delivering it suddenly to the output shaft.

Impact Wrenches

An impact wrench is a socket wrench power tool designed to deliver a high-torque output with minimal exertion by the user. It stores energy in a rotating mass, accelerated by the motor, to then delivers it suddenly to the output shaft (the anvil), creating a high-torque impact.

7. Air Hammer:

An air hammer, also known as an air chisel, is a pneumatic hand tool used to carve in stone, and to break or cut metal objects apart. It is designed to accept different tools depending on the required function.

8. Nail Gun: A nail gun, nailgun or nailer is a type of tool used to drive nails into wood or some other kind of material. It is usually driven by compressed air, electromagnetism, highly flammable gases such as butane or propane, or, for powder-actuated tools, a small explosive charge.

9. Angle Grinder: An angle grinder, also known as a side grinder or disc grinder, is a handheld power tool used for grinding and polishing. Although developed originally as tools for rigid abrasive discs, the availability of an interchangeable power source has encouraged their use with a wide variety of cutters and attachments.

10. Sander: Pneumatic random orbital sanders are effective and durable tools for professional sanding. Sander is built for maximum dust extraction even at a low suction power and has a low noise level even when operating at its 12,000 rpm maximum.

                                                        OR

A sander is a power tool used to smooth surfaces by abrasion with sandpaper. Sanders have a means to attach the sandpaper and a mechanism to move it rapidly contained within a housing with means to hand-hold it or fix it to a workbench. Woodworking sanders are usually powered electrically, and those used in auto-body repair work by compressed air. There are many different types of sanders for different purposes. Multi-purpose power tools and electric drills may have sander attachments.

A random orbit sander, with disks of various grit sizes.

Orbital sander. Grinder sole.